Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ current by ginsenoside Rd in rat ventricular myocytes

BACKGROUND Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd), one of the most abundant ingredients of Panax ginseng, protects the heart via multiple mechanisms including the inhibition of Ca(2+) influx. We intended to explore the effects of GSRd on L-type Ca(2+) current (I Ca,L) and define the mechanism of the suppression of I Ca,L by GSRd. METHODS Perforated-patch recording and whole-cell voltage clamp techniques were applied in isolated rat ventricular myocytes. RESULTS (1) GSRd reduced I Ca,L peak amplitude in a concentration-dependent manner [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 32.4 ± 7.1 μmol/L] and up-shifted the current-voltage (I-V) curve. (2) GSRd (30 μmol/L) significantly changed the steady-state activation curve of I Ca,L (V 0.5: -19.12 ± 0.68 vs. -16.26 ± 0.38 mV; n = 5, p < 0.05) and slowed down the recovery of I Ca,L from inactivation [the time content (ζ) from 91 ms to 136 ms, n = 5, p < 0.01]. (3) A more significant inhibitive effect of GSRd (100 μmol/L) was identified in perforated-patch recording when compared with whole-cell recording [65.7 ± 3.2% (n = 10) vs. 31.4 ± 5.2% (n = 5), p < 0.01]. (4) Pertussis toxin (G i protein inhibitor) completely abolished the I Ca,L inhibition induced by GSRd. There was a significant difference in inhibition potency between the two cyclic adenosine monophosphate elevating agents (isoprenaline and forskolin) prestimulation [55 ± 7.8% (n = 5) vs. 17.2 ± 3.5% (n = 5), p < 0.01]. (5) 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one (a guanylate cyclase inhibitor) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (a nitric oxide scavenger) partly recovered the I Ca,L inhibition induced by GSRd. (6) Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (a protein kinase C activator) and GF109203X (a protein kinase C inhibitor) did not contribute to the inhibition of GSRd. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that GSRd could inhibit I Ca,L through pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein (Gi) and a nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent mechanism.